Grammar & Sentence Structure
语法是语言的骨架。掌握中文语法规则，不仅能帮助你写出正确通顺的句子，还能在阅读理解、选词填空和补全语句等题型中准确判断答案。本模块涵盖特殊句式、近义词辨析、关联词、补语、语段排列、修辞手法等核心考点。
What the Exam Tests
Grammar decides three of the paper's six question types: 辨析词语 (choosing between near-synonyms and function words in context), 选词成段 (choosing words, such as connectives, to complete a paragraph; the syllabus gives only the name, so the sentence-ordering practice in this module is our own addition) and 补全语句 (choosing the clause that completes a sentence correctly). All of them are single-answer multiple choice, so nothing is written out; recognising a faulty sentence (病句) is how you eliminate many of the wrong options.
This module teaches sentence patterns (把, 被, 连……都, 是……的), connectives, complements, paragraph ordering, rhetorical devices, formal register and punctuation.
In our 80-question mock papers 辨析词语 gets 12 questions, 选词成段 10 and 补全语句 10. The CSCA publishes the topics but not how many questions each gets, so this split is our own reading of the syllabus.
Patterns That Organise Academic Sentences
Academic Chinese relies on a handful of sentence patterns: 把 to say what is done to an object, passives with 被 and the formal 为……所……, 连……都 to stress an extreme case, and 是……的 to focus or to assert. Spotting them in a long sentence tells you which noun acts, which is acted on, and how firmly the writer speaks.
The 把 Sentence
Form: subject + 把 + object + verb + something more. Four rules:
- The object is definite, something already known: 把这些数据, 把该问题.
- The verb must act on the object and cannot stand bare: 他把报告写完了, not *他把报告写.
- Verbs of perception, knowing or being do not take 把: *我把他看见了, *把这个道理知道了.
- Negatives and modal verbs go before 把: 没有把实验做完, 应该把结果公布出来; never *把实验没有做完.
Academic writing uses 把 in fixed frames: 把A称为B (call A B), 把A分为B (divide A into B), 把A视为B (regard A as B), 把A归结为B (put A down to B), 把A转化为B (convert A into B).
- 人们通常把这种现象称为“温室效应”。This phenomenon is usually called the greenhouse effect.
- 植物通过光合作用把光能转化为化学能。Through photosynthesis, plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Passives: 被 and Its Formal Relatives
- 被 + (agent) + verb + something more: 该理论已被大量实验证实。The theory has been confirmed by many experiments. Negatives go before 被: 论文没有被录用.
- 被 no longer marks only misfortune: 被誉为 (yù, be hailed as), 被评为 and 被称为 are neutral or positive: 《红楼梦》被誉为中国古典小说的巅峰之作。Dream of the Red Chamber is hailed as the peak of classical Chinese fiction.
- 为……所…… (wéi … suǒ …) is the formal passive: 这一观点逐渐为学界所接受。The view gradually came to be accepted by scholars. Here 为 is read wéi and means "by", not wèi, "for".
- 受到 / 得到 / 遭到 + a two-syllable verb: 受到重视, 得到证实, 遭到破坏 (遭到 is for harm).
- Many passives carry no marker at all: 问题已经解决, 论文已于去年发表.
连……都/也: Stressing the Extreme
连 marks the least likely case, so everything else follows all the more: 连专家都难以判断，普通读者就更不用说了。Even experts find it hard to judge, let alone ordinary readers. With a verb: 他连看都没看就签了字. Formal variants are 就连……也…… and 甚至……也…….
是……的: Focus and Assertion
- Focus on the time, place, manner or agent of a completed action: 这项研究是2019年开始的; 这篇论文是用英文写的.
- Assertion of a judgement, very common in argument: 这种做法是不可取的 (bù kě qǔ, undesirable); 这一结论是有根据的. Remove 是……的 and the meaning remains, but the tone is less firm.
Other Patterns to Recognise
- 兼语句 (pivot): in 老师让我们重做实验, 我们 is the object of 让 and the subject of 重做. Formal pivot verbs are 使, 令 and 促使: 这一发现令学界震惊.
- 连动句 (serial verbs): 他去图书馆查资料.
- 存现句 (existence): 桌上放着一台显微镜; 历史上曾出现过多次大规模移民.
- 双重否定 (double negation, a strong positive): 不得不 (have to), 非……不可 (must), 无不 (all without exception), 不无道理 (not without reason).
Key takeaway: 把 needs a definite object, a verb with something after it, and any negative before 把. 被, 为……所…… (wéi … suǒ) and 受到/得到/遭到 mark passives, and 被誉为 is praise. 连……都 stresses the least likely case, and 是……的 either focuses on a detail of a past action or asserts a judgement.
Key Formulas
Patterns:
- 把: 主语 + (没有/应该) + 把 + definite object + 动词 + 补语/了/在……/成……
- 被: 受事 + 被 + (施事) + 动词 + 其他成分; formal: 为 + 施事 + 所 + 动词
- 受到/得到/遭到 + two-syllable verb: 受到重视, 得到证实, 遭到破坏
- 连 + extreme case + 都/也 + predicate
- 是 + time/place/manner + 动词 + 的 (focus); 是 + evaluation + 的 (assertion)
Worked Example 1
Example 1 (辨析): 下列句子中，“把”字句使用正确的一项是 A. 我把这个道理终于明白了。 B. 他把实验报告没有写完。 C. 研究者把样本分为实验组和对照组。 D. 我把那位教授认识了。
Step 1: A and D use verbs of knowing (明白, 认识), which do not take 把: say 我终于明白了这个道理, 我认识那位教授.
Step 2: B puts the negative after 把; it should be 他没有把实验报告写完.
Step 3: C uses the frame 把A分为B correctly.
Answer: C
Worked Example 2
Example 2 (阅读理解): “这一观点逐渐为学界所接受”的意思是 A. 这一观点是为学界提出的 B. 学界逐渐接受了这一观点 C. 这一观点逐渐接受了学界 D. 学界为这一观点做出了努力
Step 1: 为……所 + verb is the formal passive, with 为 read wéi, "by".
Step 2: So the 学界 does the accepting and the 观点 is accepted. A and D read 为 as wèi, "for"; C reverses the roles.
Answer: B
Worked Example 3
Example 3 (推断): 该病毒变异速度极快，连最新研制的疫苗都难以完全阻止其传播。根据这句话，可以推出 A. 最新疫苗对该病毒完全无效 B. 较早的疫苗效果很可能更差 C. 该病毒已经停止变异 D. 疫苗研制的速度比病毒变异快
Step 1: 连……都 marks the strongest case: the newest vaccine is the one expected to work best.
Step 2: If even it cannot fully stop the spread, older vaccines are likely to do worse. A overstates, because 难以完全阻止 is not 完全无效; C and D contradict 变异速度极快.
Answer: B
Exam tip: In a long sentence, find 把, 被 or 为……所 first; it tells you which noun is acted on and which noun acts.
Exam tip: When 为 is followed by an agent and a 所 appears later, it is the passive wéi, "by", not wèi, "for".
Exam tip: 是……的 around an evaluation (是不可取的, 是有根据的) states the writer's judgement, which is useful for attitude questions.
Common mistake: A bare verb in a 把 sentence: *把报告写 is incomplete; write 把报告写完了 or 把报告写好.
Common mistake: The negative after 把: 没有把数据保存好, not *把数据没有保存好.
Common mistake: Reading every 被 as bad news: 被誉为, 被评为 and 被选为 announce honours.
Try This Yourself
下列句子中，表示被动的一项是 A. 他为大家做了很多事。 B. 这种方法已为多数研究者所采用。 C. 我们为了完成实验熬了一夜。 D. 他把论文寄给了编辑部。
Module Summary
本模块系统学习了中文语法的核心知识：特殊句式（把、被、连……都、是……的）、虚词辨析、关联词、补语类型、语段排列、句子补全、修辞手法、书面语与篇章结构、病句修改和标点符号。这些规则是辨析词语、选词成段和补全语句等选择题的基础：掌握规则并多加练习，就能迅速识别通顺的句子，排除有语病的选项。
Open and read all sections to complete this module